Parotitis Overview: an Integrated Approach from Classification to Treatment Strategies

Background: Parotitis is the inflammation of the largest salivary gland, with diverse aetiologies including infections, autoimmune disorders, and mechanical obstructions. The lack of a standardised classification system, along with varied clinical manifestations, poses significant challenges in diagnosis and management.

Objective: This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the classification, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies for parotitis, focusing on both acute and chronic forms.

Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar up to January 2025. Inclusion criteria were English-written studies on human subjects related to parotitis, covering classification, diagnostic methods and treatment strategies. Data were extracted and synthesized to highlight current practices.

Results: Parotitis features 5 subtypes, namely: (1) acute viral, (2) acute suppurative, (3) sialolithiasis-associated, (4) chronic non-neoplastic, and (5) chronic neoplastic. Diagnostic tools include clinical evaluation, imaging (ultrasound, CT, MRI, sialography), and sialendoscopy. Treatment ranges from conservative management to minimally invasive procedures, with surgery reserved for severe cases.

Conclusion: Accurate classification and diagnosis are key to the effective management of parotitis. Advances in imaging techniques and sialendoscopy have significantly improved diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes. Implementing a standardised approach can optimize patient care, reduce recurrence rates, and prevent complications.